Career Choices Essay - 1871 Words

Economics is the term used to describe the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In addition, economics is the study of scarcity, Our economy is important because it gives us an opportunity to understand better, how business, society, and the world are doing overall financially. Our economy as it stands now is barely standing. The government is in debt by trillions, and furthermore, This means an increased competitive job market. However, one needs to consider many different factors when choosing a career to give them the best chance of being happy and fulfilled. People need to ask themselves, will the job fit my personality? Will I have to travel or relocate? Can I physically do it, and what is the†¦show more content†¦One career that sounds interesting is the field of psychology. Psychology is the science that studies the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated kno wledge of this science to practical problems. The American Psychological Association was founded in 1892 with twenty-six members. Since then the APA has acquired With such an increase of popularity, psychology has become theoretically diverse, meaning there are many beliefs and view points applied to psychology. As a result from that, produces the various branches of which to choose a career. Clinical psychology deals with the diagnose and treatment of psychological disorders, and applied psychology deals with everyday practical problems, such as trends in advertising, fashion, or even the stock market. Out of these two categories comes many other professional specialties and research areas such as developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, or educational psychology just to name a few. On your journey to psychological education, it is important to learn as much as you can in as little time possible in order to build experience in the field quickly (Grohol). A bachelors d egree can be achieved after four years of graduate study, and a masters can be achieved after five (Grohol). A doctor of philosophy degree, which is the highest level in the liberal arts, takes additional study and requires a given amount of experience in theShow MoreRelatedHow Career Development Is Influenced By Life Choices And Human Development2021 Words   |  9 PagesCareer Development is an important phase of one’s life, as it focuses employment opportunities as well as educational training (Niles Bowlsbey, 2013). This process allows people to create a work identity. Career development is influenced by life choices and human development. There are many resources available to assist individuals in deciding a career path. For example, a resource library can be a helpful tool consist of a comprehensive directory of information about books, employment informationRead MoreFactors Affecting Students Career Choice in Accounting2034 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Journal of Business Education – October 2011 Volume 4, Number 10 Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice In Accounting: The Case Of A Turkish University Ali Uyar, Fatih University, Turkey Ali Haydar Gà ¼ngà ¶rmà ¼Ã…Ÿ, Fatih University, Turkey Cemil Kuzey, Fatih University, Turkey ABSTRACT This study investigates the reasons that influence students’ career choices in accounting. In order to determine these reasons, a questionnaire survey has been employed. The empirical findings can be dividedRead MoreCareer Choices For A Career1539 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing job market, there are plenty of career choices one can take on to create a financially stable lifestyle and live a successful life. When looking at job careers, it is often a hard choice to choose which pathway might be the best to lead one towards success. In addition to choosing a pathway it is pertinent to learn the background as well as stepping stones to leave a person with more of an understanding of that profession, especially if the focus of career is dealing with Human Resources. Read MoreCareer As A Career Choice942 Words   |  4 PagesWork is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups and communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. I chose to seek a degree in this field because I find this to be a very rewarding career choice. To obtain a degree in a career that essentially makes a difference in people’s lives is extremely important to me. I have worked as a medical assistant for over 10 years, and although I love my job I would like to work closer with the people that I serve. I realizeRead MoreThe Choice Of A Career Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pageshardly ever be recognized separately. â€Å"The choice of a career is a highly significant process that plays a major role in shaping people s aspirations, concerns, and action† (Malach-Pines Yafe-Yanai, 1999, p. 503). This understanding makes choosing a major a deeply personal and profound question for each individual. â€Å"It is one of the most si gnificant choices made by people growing up in Western cultures with many attempting to find through their careers a sense of existential significance for theirRead MoreCareer Goals : Career Choice3343 Words   |  14 PagesSince young, many people have known what career path they would like to follow. Some knew they wanted to be a lawyer, a firefighter, a doctor and began their journey towards making their career dream true by taking the necessary courses, passing their examinations, and did what was required to enter the field of their choosing. Some are unsure of the career path they would like to follow and opinions of others on what they should do can lead to a road of uncertainty and confusion. Lastly, for variousRead MorePsychology and Career Choice765 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Period 2 December 4, 2013 Pre-Calc Lam Career Choice: Psychology My future career choice is in psychology. I want to The definition of psychology is basically the study of human (and sometimes animal) behavior. The word itself means the science of the soul. The first syllable, psyche means soul, and the second part contains the root of the word logic. Essay on My Interest in the Field of Psychology I have always wondered about human behavior. Why does this person scream whenRead MoreMy Career Choice1216 Words   |  5 PagesMy career choices you would really want to know what temi has plan I have some interesting career choices which quite for hard working people like me. My career choices are two things I would love to be a lawyer first thing 2nd one I want to be a business woman I love working for myself like a boss you know make your own money control things myself. Lawyer tell people what’s right and what’s wrong for everyone to act right teaching them the right steps and let them know that whoever did somethingRead MoreMy Career Choice830 Words   |  4 Pagesin my life is to choose a career that I will enjoy and find interesting for many years ahead. It is important that I have the ability to provide well for myself and future family. In an effort to stay current in the marketplace, I am committed to keeping an open mind as career paths change, and dedicat ing time for continued education. I believe that my career choices for the future greatly depend upon the knowledge that I have of myself, information regarding my career options, testing field workRead MoreNursing As A Career Choice1714 Words   |  7 PagesNursing as a Ð ¡areer Ð ¡hoice. Anna Leonova Trent University Nursing as a career choice. As Mother Teresa said: â€Å"It is not how much you do but how much love you put in the doing†. These words can not but be common for nurses all over the world. Well, what makes them love their profession? How did people decide to make nursing their career choice? What are the reasons for people to start such a way of life? As it goes without saying, nursing can not be called a profession

Postmans Amusing Ourselves to Death Essay - 1156 Words

Amusing Ourselves to Death; Mediums, Friend or Foe? Electronic media is inferior to print media due to the fact that electronic media can be bias, selective, and evasive for the purpose of entertainment. Electronic media serves as a form of entertainment with a main goal of serving their ratings rather than serving the people. It would seem that Postman would agree with this theory since he describes electronic media as a form of entertainment rather than a reliable source of information and facts in his book Amusing Ourselves to Death. Let’s start by taking a look at the bias side of electronic media. Take for instance the difference between Fox News and CBS. Both are news stations, both are intended to bring us the news, yet the†¦show more content†¦Earlier this week, the FBI officially transferred the Chandra Levy investigation to its Cold Case unit, which historically has handled only the toughest of cases, which have few clues. [Rest of story] RATHER: You may want to keep in mind the case remains officially a â€Å"missing person† case. No crime has been established, no one has been accused by lawmen—of anything, much less formally charged. No one’s been charged with breaking any laws. (Dan Rather and Jim Stewart, CBS Evening News, 7/18/01) While the contrasts between the two are obviously different where one depicts that Condit is the cause of the problem, the other clearly states just the facts. My second point is that Electronic Media tends to become evasive while broadcasting. They tend to focus on points that were based on opinion rather than facts so that they may receive more ratings, in turn create more profit. I once again turn to the same story of Chandra Levy’s disappearance. Although CBS just states the facts, Fox News states opinions in their polls, news article headings, and their complete coverage of the story, while focusing on Mr. Condit (Fox News 7/15/01). Fox News gained high ratings for the Chandra Levy story, only because they fed off of the icon, Gary Condit. Bringing a celebrity into anything makes it more interesting because he or she is more widely known. Now when you have titles such as â€Å"Condit’s Acting Guilty† (Dana Blanton, Fox News 7/07/01), you will haveShow MoreRelatedNeil Postmans Amusing Ourselves to Death: A Review1566 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿No Longer Fun Neil Postmans Amusing Ourselves to Death is a trenchant piece of social commentary about the very nature of society at the time of his writing in the final decades of the 20th century. The book assesses the importance of television in the lives of its viewers, and denotes how that importance itself shapes those lives and, by extension, the surrounding world. The particular time in which this manuscript was published is immensely significant, since it occurred a year after 1984Read More Postmans Amusing Ourselves to Death Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesPostmans Amusing Ourselves to Death I have just read Postmans Amusing Ourselves to Death. Postman states that the age of typography has been replaced by the age of television. This has changed the way we look at the world and the way we think, which in turn has almost made us less intelligent. Postman speaks his opinions freely, and really gives the reader a new perspective on media, and the effect it has on society. To often we think nothing of what we see and read in the media, but afterRead MoreAnalysis of Neil Postmans Amusing Ourselves to Death1648 Words   |  7 Pagessay about television) but rather warning that a society that acquires all (or even nearly all) of its information from television is acquiring that information in a passive way. While such a form of interaction with the world is fine in terms of amusing oneself (as his title indicates), it is harmful in terms of engaging with serious matters. And it is especially harmful when it comes to arenas of life in which communication among people is imperat ive. Among such arenas is the participation inRead MoreAnalysis Of Neil Postmans Amusing Ourselves To Death959 Words   |  4 Pages In Neil Postman’s book Amusing Ourselves to Death (1985), Postman argues that the information shared with the American populace is shaped by the forms of media that are used. By giving a history of the changing types of American media and the effect that each has on the information given, Postman supports his claim. Postman’s purpose is to prove that media changes the information given to the public in order to call awareness to the validity of our news. Postman writes to an audience who is educatedRead MoreLogos Ethos Pathos1236 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ In Neil Postman’s novel, Amusing Ourselves to Death, he argues that rationality in America has become dictated by television. Through the use of ethos, pathos, and logos, Postman demonstrates that his claim is valid and reliable. These are three forms of persuasion that are used to influence others to agree with a particular point of view. Ethos, or ethical appeal, is used to build an author’s image. Ethos establishes a sense of credibility and good character for the author (Henning). Pathos, orRead More Postman: Rant or Reason? Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesPostman: Rant or Reason? In his novel, Amusing Ourselves to Death, author Neil Postman describes to the reader, in detail, the immediate and future dangers of television. The arguement starts out in a logical manner, explaining first the differences between todays media-driven society, and yesterdays typographic America. Postman goes on to discuss in the second half of his book the effects of todays media, politics on television, religion on television, and finally televised educationalRead MoreAmusing Ourselves For Death By Neil Postman1475 Words   |  6 PagesIn the second part of Neil Postman’s book, Amusing Ourselves to Death, the author examines the medium of education in order to exhibit how it has affected and fashioned modern public discourse. Postman uses a two-part argument on the topic of the influence that television has over education. In order to properly demonstrate the authors view and evidence on this subject of discourse, as well as my own, I will explore how television presents e ducation as well as how exactly television has managed toRead More Truth Exposed in Amusing Ourselves to Death Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesExposed in Amusing Ourselves to Death    Neil Postman is deeply worried about what technology can do to a culture or, more importantly, what technology can undo in a culture.   In the case of television, Postman believes that, by happily surrendering ourselves to it, Americans are losing the ability to conduct and participate in meaningful, rational public discourse and public affairs.   Or, to put it another way, TV is undoing public discourse and, as the title of his book Amusing Ourselves to DeathRead MoreChapters 1 and 2 Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesSummary Essay of Amusing Ourselves to Death This is a breakdown of Neil Postmans Amusing ourselves to death(1985), which must be written to explain the effects that high volume of emails, text messages, video games, and internet television has on the human race and the way we think. In the first chapter of the book The Medium is the Metaphor Postman (1985) begins his argument that he presents through out the book. Postman (1985) explains how knowledge is no longer gained from print, butRead MoreNeil Postman s Exploration Of This Issue1737 Words   |  7 Pagescausing damage to the people that were raised in the TV era. Neil Postman’s exploration of this issue in his novel written in 1985, Amusing Ourselves to Death, is a crucial hint of the consequences of being immersed in a culture that is driven by television. Even though it has been 20 years since the book was published the influx of internet only makes his novel more and more relevant to today than it was when it was written Postman’s key argument is the comparison of two tremendously different imagined

Through the Eyes of Modern Society Free Essays

The intriguing documentary of Killing Us Softly 4 by Jean Kilbourne, provides for a controversial topic of the basis of advertising in the media and how it affects women directly and indirectly. Consequently, harsh results are perceived from these advertisements. Of all the â€Å"factual† statements made by Jean Kilbourne during this documentary, many fallacies arose. We will write a custom essay sample on Through the Eyes of Modern Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media leaves us extremely vulnerable to assimilating ourselves to all aspects of mass media. I can closely identify myself with the situation at hand because I am a part of a society that is raised up on a pop culture that is ubiquitous. We are constantly consumed in the media every single day with advertisements flooding our brains. In fact, I feel that women are not as materialized, dehumanized, or objectified as they are overpoweringly depicted in Killing Us Softly 4. Essentially, Killing Us Softly 4 is an examination of the media and, especially, advertising’s influence on the society and negatively targets and affects women. It characterizes how women are portrayed as objects, not humans. This is represented by a series of advertisements focused on certain body parts, for instance, a woman’s legs or breasts, which apparently dehumanizes women. The issues related to the advertisements presented in this film include a major decline in self-esteem experienced by adolescent females, eating disorders, and violence against women, among other examples. As a result, Kilbourne immediately stresses her opinions that females are bombarded with a multiplicity of insecurities compared to males growing up. She blames this imbalance of self-esteem to the models that indirectly push women to look up to the unreachable ideal image portrayed in advertising. The result is damaging to our collective psychological makeup as far as the way we view women in the real world and how women view themselves. Is it the woman’s body that has been objectified for the sole purpose of this advertising? For instance, as stated in the video, it states that the perfect ideal women figure is always shown with a light-skinned, straight-hair, skinny figure. â€Å"Women of color are only considered beautiful if they resemble the white ideal† (5:48-5:56). In fact, I tend to disagree with this very statement. Women can be attractive and be a successful model no matter what skin color they are born with, where they came from, or what their heritage or race may be. Also, it was stated that certain races that are not light-skinned are usually represented as animals instead of human beings, which is an absurd statement. The quote given was, â€Å"Black women are featured as exotic animals, like leopards. Never shown modeling† (8:13-8:30). A statement like this is completely racial and stereotypical as well as close-minded against welcoming of other minorities into the modeling world. As a matter of fact, The United States consists of a melting pot of races, religions, and genetic make up. So, by making an outlandish statement that is very hypocritical in many senses. When a young girl sees a model in an advertisement and asks herself, â€Å"What do I have to do to look like her? † In addition, women are not as materialized, dehumanized, or objectified as they are overpoweringly depicted in Killing Us Softly 4. Jean Kilbourne tries to formulate a ridiculous piece of research that she complied about the direct relationship between the ideal image of women. This is exemplifies, and coincides with the way that men view women with higher standards, which directly sparks violence against women. The evidence lies in the following quote: â€Å"It creates a widespread violence against women by turning a human being into a thing, which is the first step toward justifying violence against a person. † (9:19-9:42). There is not valid information to backup this â€Å"research† that Kilbourne is referring to and tends to have no apparent correlation. She went on to say, â€Å"This is the case with homophobia and terrorism. Dehumanization means violence is inevitable† (9:35-9:42). Respectively, these are all valid examples of groups of people that are alienated from society, certain people desire to inflict violence on them. However, once again the majority of women are not a part of those groups so this information essentially, remains irrelevant. In conclusion, many fallacies were present as a result of the statements made throughout the documentary. Jean Kilbourne tries to provide valid facts,  research, and propaganda against the objectification, dehumanization, and role of women in advertisement. An example of a fallacy is the thought that only women closely related to the white ideal are considered beautiful and modeling material. Another example of a fallacy would be the creation of an ideal imagine of women through advertising, directly pushes violence against women. Although Kilbourne brought forth some apparently true information and concern up front, the majority of the information is drawn directly from her own emotions, views, and opinions. How to cite Through the Eyes of Modern Society, Papers

History of Internet free essay sample

The Internet was born out of a military research project funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the 1960s, whose goal was to devise a way of successfully transmitting information across large distances in the event of a nuclear attack. To do this it needed to packet-switch data via many computers from the host to the recipient. In 1973, the U. S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the Internet. The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). We will write a custom essay sample on History of Internet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1986, the U. S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet. With its 45 megabit per second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 12 billion packets per month between the networks it links. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U. S. Department of Energy contributed additional backbone facilities in the form of the NSINET and ESNET respectively. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to over one hundred BOO KIANG MING (A136032) INTERNET thousand computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U. S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to any interested parties. Regional support for the Internet is provided by various consortium networks and local support is provided through each of the research and educational institutions . Within the United States, much of this support has come from the federal and state governments, but a considerable contribution has been made by industry. In Europe and elsewhere, support arises from cooperative international efforts and through national research organizations. During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to integrate support for other protocol suites into its basic networking fabric. The present emphasis in the system is on multiprotocol interworking, and in particular, with the integration of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols into the architecture. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly 100 protocols of TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980s. During the early 1990s, OSI protocol implementations also became available and, by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people. A great deal of support for the Internet community has come from the U. S. Federal Government, since the Internet was originally part of a federally-funded research program and, subsequently, has become a major part of the U. S. research infrastructure. During the late 1980s, however, the population of Internet users and network constituents expanded internationally and began to include commercial facilities. Indeed, the bulk of the system today is made up of private networking facilities in educational and research institutions, businesses and in government organizations across the globe. The Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Networks (CCIRN), which was organized by the U. S. Federal Networking Council (FNC) and the European Reseaux Associees pour la Recherche Europeenne (RARE), plays an important role in the coordination of plans for government- sponsored research networking In an attempt to make this more aesthetic, companies like Compuserve and AOL began developing what used to be called GUIs (or graphical user interfaces). GUIs added a bit of colour and a bit of layout, but were still pretty boring. Indeed IBM personal computers were only beginning to adopt Windows interfaces before that with MSDOS interfaces they were pretty primitive. So the Internet might have been useful, but it wasnt good looking. Probably the World Wide Web saved the net. Not only did it change its appearance, it made it possible for pictures and sound to be displayed and exchanged. This decision much in line with the decisions of the earlier Internet pioneers to make their products freely available was a visionary and important one. The browser really did begin to change everything. By the end of 1994 there were a million browser copies in use rapid growth indeed!! In the same year Marc Andreesen founded Netscape Corporation, and the World Wide Web Consortium, which administers development of Word Wide Web standards, was formed by Tim Berners Lee. Then we really started to see growth. https://www.theukwebdesigncompany.com/ http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet

Consitble Warren Essays - Gibbs, Our Town, , Term Papers

Consitble Warren Consitble Warren was the only Constable in town. He was friends with everyone. He use to just stop by and say hello. Constable Warren always made sure everything was okay "seein' if there's anything I can do to prevent a flood. Rivers been rising all night". Pg. 983 Mrs. Gibbs: Mrs. Gibbs is a big gossiper. She always use to gossip after her husband left the room. She had a son named George. George is about to get married to Emily Webb. Mrs. Gibbs is a very protective mom. " I declare Frank, I don't know how he'll get along. I've arranged his clothes and seen to it he has put warm things on Frank. They are too young. Emily won't think of such things. He'll catch his death of cold for a week." Pg.983 & 984 Dr. Gibbs: The only doctor in Grover's Corner is Dr. Gibbs. He is married and has two kids. Dr. Gibbs has made house calls to everyone that is sick. He lives in a small town, and knows everyone. "Good morning Howie. Do you think it's going to rain again?" Rebecca: Rebecca is Dr. Gibbs. doctor and is also his patient. She likes to save her money and wants to do something with her life. She lives in a small town. "George is the moon shinning - on South America, Canada and half the whole world." George: George was a big baseball player in a small town. Everyone knew he was going to be something one day, but something occurred that may just have changed his plans. Everyone in town was expecting him to go in to college and probably then to the pros. His girlfriend Emily saw a different future, one where she and George are together. George eventually talks to Emily and their relationship starts to get pretty serious. Laer, George decided that he wanted to be with Emily and that was way more important than baseball, and he was going to give up baseball to be with Emily. Emily Gibbs: Emily Gibbs was a very smart girl who seemed to have a very bright future. She's going to have a future but she wants to turn it all around for George. She thinks of him all the time. She if afraid that he is going to choose his baseball over her.

Heat Energy Associated with Chemical and Physical Essays - Chemistry

Heat Energy Associated with Chemical and Physical Essays - Chemistry Heat Energy Associated with Chemical and Physical Changes Introduction: The purpose of this lab is to discover the amount of heat associated with chemical and physical changes. What was being tested in this lab was the heat changes of both chemical and physical processes and see if the energy is endothermic or exothermic. Physical change is when it changes the state the substance is in but not the substance itself. Chemical change is when a chemical reaction has occurred and there is a new substance. Endothermic is when energy is consumed. Exothermic is when energy is given off. Physical and chemical change, and endothermic and exothermic were used to find the heat capacity of the calorimeter. Specific Heat is the amount of heat used to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance. Specific heat was used to determine an unknown metal. Heat Capacity is the amount of heat used to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance. Heat Capacity was used to find the heat capacity of a calorimeter as well . Heat of Neutralization is the energy of a reaction coming from the neutralization of an acid and base. Heat of neutralization was used to find heat of neutralization of acid-base reaction. Heat of Solution is the change that is the dissolution of a substance in a solvent. Heat of Solution was used to find the heat of solution of KNO 3 . Materials: Goggles Water (H 2 O) Two Styrofoam Cups and Cover Tweezers 2 Thermometer Bunsen Burner Ring Stand Wire Gauze Ring Unknown metal KNO 3 250 ml beaker HCl NaOH Graduated Cylinder Test Tube Experimental: Build the calorimeter as establish on page 12 in "Chemistry 112 Laboratory Book". Record the temperature of 25.0 ml of water in the calorimeter. Heat 25 ml of water to 50 C in a beaker. Pour the 25 ml of hot water into calorimeter and record the temperature every 10 seconds until a constant is reached. Then record every 30 seconds for a total of 3 minutes. For the Acid-Base reaction, measure 25 ml of NaOH and record the temperature and find the temperature of 25 ml of HCl . Before mixing the acid-base, make sure the temperatures are both equal. After both temperature is equal, mix the acid and the base. R ecord the temperature every 10 seconds until a constant is reached. Then record every 30 seconds for a total of 3 minutes. For the Heat of solution, measure 25 ml of water and pour it into the calorimeter and record the temperature. Add 1 gram of KNO 3 into the calorimeter and record the temperature as done in the acid-base reaction. For the unknown metal, pour 25 ml of water into the calorimeter. Take 2 grams of the unknown metal and place it into a test tube with a cork on it. Use a 250-ml beaker filled with water and place the test tube into the beaker until the water is boil. Using a tweezer, take the metal out of the tube and place into the calorimeter and record the temperature as did above in the earlier steps. Results : Heat Capacity of Calorimeter Intial Temperature (C) 23 Final Temperature (C) 22.5 Change in Temperature (C) 0.5 Temperature of cold water (C) 23 Temperature of hot water (C) 54 Joules lost by hot water (J) 1987 Joules gained by cold water (J) 1255 Heat Capacity of Calorimeter (J/C) 61.026 *This is the calculations of the heat capacity of the calorimeter *This is graph of the mixture of the hot and cold water. Temperature at zero time is 33C. Heat of neutralization in an acid-base reaction Concentration of acid (M) 3.00 Concentration of base (M) 3.00 Temperature of HCl and calorimeter (C) 23 Temperature of NaOH (C) 23 # of Joules change in energy (J) 439.32 Heat absorbed by the calorimeter (J) 470.82 Total # of Joules for the energy change (J) 910.14 # of moles of HCl (mol) 1.46 # of moles of NaOH (mol) 1.6 Heat of neutralization (J/mol) 300.9 *These are the calculations of the Heat of Neutralization *This is the graph for the Heat of Neutralization. Temperature at zero time is 38 C Heat of Solution Temperature of calorimeter + water (C) 25 Mass of KNO3 (g) 1.00 Total Volume of Solution 26

Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk Research Paper

Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk - Research Paper Example They include sensory perception, activity, skin moisture, mobility, nutritional intake, friction and shear. Each subscale measures the capability of the patient that cause high intensity and duration of pressure, or low tissue tolerance (Braden, 2009). Low Braden score shows that the patient has a low level of functioning; hence, high level of risk of developing a pressure ulcer. Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk was developed by Nancy Bergstrom and Barbara Braden, in 1987, and it has been in use since then (Braden, 2009). The aim of this tool is to help health professionals such as nurses and other health care givers to assess a patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcers. Braden scale measures the functional capabilities of the patient that cause lower tissue tolerance for pressure or high intensity and duration of pressure (Statts and Gunningberg, 2007). It is used with patients of all ages, as well as setti ngs, and it is considered more accurate than other scales like the Waterlow and the Norton scales or clinical judgment are. The Braden scale consists of up to six subscales scored from 1-4. They include sensory perception, activity, mobility, skin moisture, nutritional intake, friction and shear. ... Pressure ulcers are a significant problem in older adults who are hospitalized. For instance, in Canada, America and parts of Europe, prevalence for pressure ulcers ranges from 14% to 25% and frequency from 7% to 9% (Braden, 2009). In addition, about 280,000 hospital stays were noted to have adult patients with pressure ulcers, in 1993, and this number increased to 455,000, in 2003, which is 63% increase. According to Statts and Gunningberg (2007), three processes contribute to the development of pressure ulcers. The main one is the pressure that is put on tissues by the weight of the body, as the tissues are squeezed between bones and a hard surface. The friction created when the body slides over sheets, and upholstery among others, also irritates the skin leading to pressure ulcers due to factors such as too much moisture, poor blood circulation to the tissues, and poor skin quality. The pressure ulcers result when the pressure cuts off the blood supply, and blood is not supplied t o tissues, which eventually die and slough off (Statts and Gunningberg, 2007). As stated by Braden (2009), the main risk factors for pressure ulcers are immobility i.e. not being able to move. This includes bed or chair confinement where a person must sit in a wheelchair or stay in bed all day a result of illness such as stroke, cancer, surgery, and heart failure among others. Thus, lack of movement due to confinement increases the risk of developing pressure ulcers. Inability to move such as changing positions without the help of a caregiver increases the risk too. For instance, a person in a coma, or a paralyzed person is at a higher risk of getting pressure

Sales Promotion Techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales Promotion Techniques - Research Paper Example â€Å"Sales promotion refers to those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertisement and publicity, which stimulate consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness, such as displays, shows and expositions, demonstrations and various non-recurrent selling efforts not in the ordinary routine. Its purpose is to increase the desire of salesman, distributors and dealers to sell a certain brand and to make consumers more eager to buy that brand† (Sales Promotion Methods & Ideas, 2009) Even good quality products may fail in the market in the absence of good sales promotion activities. On the other hand even cheaper quality products may excel in the market with the help of quality sales promotion activities. The present market is filled with thousands of products manufactured by different business groups from different countries. It is difficult for the customers to decide which product is better or which one is worth for the money they spent. Only through effective prom otion activities an entrepreneur can convey the characteristics and worth of his product to the consumers. Various techniques must be developed and used in the market through sales promotion activities in order to convince the consumers. Sales promotion is important for introducing a new product into the market and also to sustain the movement of the existing products in the market. The major sales promotion techniques are Discounts and deals, Increasing Industry Visibility, Price-based consumer sales promotion, Attention-getting consumer sales promotion etc Discount deals are one of the prominent sales promotion strategies which are adopted by most of the manufacturers and service providers. It is not possible for a manufacturer to sustain the sales of a product in a constant manner because of the increased competition from the market. Thus same product may experience fluctuations in its sales during different seasons of an year. In order to sustain the

Robert Nozicks work entitled How Liberty Upsets Patterns Essay

Robert Nozicks work entitled How Liberty Upsets Patterns - Essay Example Nozick begins his argument by poising that people who have contrary beliefs regarding distributive justice, particularly those who abide by notions of patterned distributive justice such as utilitarianism and egalitarianism, should not refute his distribution theory of justice, especially with regard to holdings. Nozick’s theory takes a non-patterned consideration into the element of justice in holdings. According to Nozick, the repeated application of justice in holdings typically results in entitlement of holdings. Nozick bases his argument squarely on the concept of non-patterned principle of distributive justice, which attempts to elucidate the fact that patterned conceptions regarding justice in distribution are typically unable to work well with notions of liberty. Nozick uses the now famous argument of Wilt Chamberlain to demonstrate the manner in which patterned principles that deal with just distribution are essentially irreconcilable with all notions of liberty. Nozi ck poises that Rawl’s difference principle fails to provide a real description of the society today. (Sandel 2007, 359). The society runs on distribution patterns, which are defined by the desires of people who in it. Various distribution patterns are entirely just because they are based on the desires of the society. However, Nozick argues that, while an alternative distribution pattern in society does not typically conform to the favored patterns of people within the society, the alternative distribution pattern is still just. According to Nozick, the Wilt Chamberlain example essentially demonstrates that no standard patterned tenet of distributive justice can be well-suited with liberty. This is primarily because, in order to conserve the patterns provided for by patterned distribution where the society’s desires dictate distribution patterns, the state will need to interfere with the capacity of people to exchange freely their instinctual distributive justice on a constant basis. This is primarily because, as Nozick argues, all exchanges of distributive justice in patterned principles essentially require the constant violation of the patterns for which they were originally formulated. Nozick concludes that end-state, as well as a vast majority of patterned distributive justice principles provide for unfair ownership of people, their labor and actions. As a consequence, such principles provide for the shift from the notions of self ownership to those of limited property rights in the actions and beings of other people (Sandel 2007, 358). In essence, this means that, under patterned distributive justice systems, the example of Wilt Chamberlain shows that third parties will have a just claim on other people (Chamberlain) provided that the third parties transfer something valuable to the individual in question. Under patterned distributive patterns, third parties have legitimate shares in the individual since their shares cannot be changed. From the reading, several misunderstandings become clear; the greatest source of concern is the Wilt Chamberl

Impact of HIH Collapse

Impact of HIH Collapse The March 2001 collapse of HIH Insurance sent shockwaves through the Australian business community. The country’s second-largest employer, HIH was at the tail-end of a major acquisition spree that had seen the company purchase major insurance operations in New Zealand, Argentina, Switzerland and the US since 1997. Most significantly, in 1999 HIH had purchased one of its main competitors, FAI Insurance, taking on that company’s chief executive Rodney Adler as one of its corporate directors. With an estimated $8.1bn asset base at the end of 2000, HIH was widely perceived as an extremely robust and reliable company; however, private internal reports had begun to demonstrate that the company’s debt leverage and insurance liabilities were so high that there was a real risk of insolvency. Ultimately, in early 2001 the company’s precarious financial situation became untenable and HIH endured the largest corporate collapse in Australian history, going down with lo sses of more than $5bn. With the company continuing to function purely so as to service old claims, with no new business being taken onboard, Australia’s financial regulators set out to determine the precise chain of events that had led to the HIH collapse. (M. Westfield. 2003) A Royal commission, examined the chain of events that led to the collapse of HIH. Reporting in April 2003, the commission found that there wasnt just a single cause of the company’s collapse. But that there was systematic failure in almost every area of its operation (hihroyalcom.gov.au 2003), and the extent of this failure was so great that criminal charges were brought against key members of the company’s board such as William Howard, Ray Williams, Geoffrey Cohen and Rodney Adler. (ASIC 2005) In particular, Rodney Adler was convicted on four separate charges: one count of obtaining money by deception; one count of dishonesty in the discharge of his duties; and two counts of intentionally disseminating false information. In particular, Adler was found to have falsely claimed, in a number of interviews, that he had personally purchased HIH shares in mid-2000. (D. Elias .2005)ÂÂ   By making such claims, and specifically by claiming that HIH is undervalued in terms o f its share price, Adler was guilty of willfully disseminating financial information that they knew, or had good reason to know, was false. However, there were separate calls for an inquiry into how HIH’s corporate governance systems had failed to prevent Adler abusing his position in such a manner. In a separate claim, Adler was accused of persuading HIH to invest a $2m loan in Business Thinking Systems (BTS), a company in which Adler had an interest.(Karen Percy 2005) The other major failing identified in the downfall of HIH was a failure to provide properly for future claims, and all other problems essentially stemmed from this issue. Covering future claims is one of the most fundamental aspects of any insurance company’s business, yet by the end of its existence HIH was in a position where a negative shift of as little as 1.7% would be enough to bring the company to the point of insolvency(M Westfield,2003) . The primary reason for this failure was reported to be a mismanagement of changing market conditions, which increased HIH’s liabilities massively and were not covered by strategic planning initiatives that might have been expected to absorb such changes. Changing market conditions can cause serious destabilization for any insurance company, but the risks are well-known and most companies take extra care in order to minimize their exposure to such changes. The fact that HIH dramatically over-exposed itself was for the most part due to the company’s extremely rapid expansion (Brendan Bailey 2003).As noted earlier, HIH acquired a number of companies during its final years and was making a major push for international expansion. Such expansion, while often a strong business move, often brings greater liabilities than would otherwise be the case, and HIH appears to have acted based on the belief that the liabilities would merely be proportional to its expansion. The company appears to have fundamentally misunderstood the degree to which extra provisions need to be made for changes in its market environment. This is a major mistake that could in my opinion, if addressed at the time, have been resolved. The fact that the board of HIH apparently went unchallenged when pursuing this strategy shows that there was a failure of governance at HIH, with no real oversight being applied to check whether the company’s strategy was correct or financial sustainable. In the aftermath of the HIH collapse, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) made a number of changes to ensure that the same problem could not be repeated. In particular, ASIC inaugurated a strict new set of corporate governance rules designed to ensure that companies stay closer to the regulations in this area. ASIC acted on the belief that the core governance procedures and rules were fundamentally sound during HIH’s final months, but that ultimately the company’s board was able to find ways to achieve technical compliance while still engaging in the kind of activity that the regulations were designed to prevent.(ASIC 2003) In my opinion this can be seen as a failure of the regulations as much as a failure of the company, although clearly it was the decision of individuals such as Adler to deliberately move against these regulations that led to the company’s downfall because there was no proper oversight on the actions of the board. Howeve r Adler and other members of the HIH board were in no way induced or encouraged to act in the way that they did. Rather, they chose to go against the spirit of the rules and act in a manner that was clearly against the best interests of the company. Ultimately, it’s clear that HIH should have been much more cautious when pursuing its expansion, and should have taken greater steps to ensure that its liabilities were covered. By expanding so rapidly, the company was entering markets in which it had little or no experience, yet no provision appears to have been made for the need to leave extra margins while entering these new markets. This is clearly a case of major mismanagement and of over-confidence during a period of major expansion. These problems were increased, by the company’s reaction to its bad financial position, and particularly by Rodney Adler’s decision to attempt to secure investment based on false statements. Even when the company’s enhanced liability was made apparent, in my opinion there still could have been a chance for HIH to recover by introducing a major cost-cutting program and ensuring that future operations would eventually make up for the losses. Adler chose to try to cover up the financial problems in the short-term and hope that his misstatements might ultimately bring the company back onto a strong financial footing that would allow it to cover over his mismanagement so that it would never become public. This approach by Adler was designed to fix the initial over-expansion error, but actually compounded that problem and represented a second serious mistake. The fact that the regulatory authorities were unaware of what was happening in my opinion does not indicate major problems with those authorities, since any company that engages in the level of deception orchestrated at HIH will always have a chance of getting past the rules. Although lessons can be learnt, particularly in terms of the apparently concentration of power in Adler’s hands, there’s clearly a limit to the ability of regulatory groups to cover companies where the directors set out on a determined path to commit fraud and to mislead observers. Although this does not mean that the authorities should not be vigilant, it’s clear that in the case of HIH, ensuring full and proper punishment for Adler and other executives in the aftermath of the collapse, as a warning to others, was in my opinion one of the best options. Bibliography Amerta Mardjono (2005). A tale of corporate governance: lessons why firms fail. Managerial Auditing Journal, vol. 20, no. 3 p. 272-283 ASIC (2003). Current corporate governance issues an ASIC perspective. Retrieved from http://www.asic.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupByFileName/nt_busprof_women_corp_gov190903.pdf/$file/nt_busprof_women_corp_gov190903.pdf on the 06.04.2010 Brendan Bailey (2003). Report of the Royal Commission into HIH Insurance. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/RN/2002-03/03rn32.htm on the 07.04.2010 David Elias (2005). Adler guilty on 4 charges. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Adler-guilty-on-4-charges /2005/ 02/16/ 1108500154731.html on the 03.04.2010 on the 04.04.2010 David Kehl (2001). HIH Insurance Group Collapse. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/econ/hih_insurance.htm on the 30.03.2010 hihroyalcom.gov.au (2003). The failure of HIH insurance. Retrieved from http://www.hihroyalcom.gov.au/finalreport/Front%20Matter,%20critical%20assessment%20and%20summary.HTML#_Toc37086537 on the 05.04.2010 Karen Percy (2005). Rodney Adler receives prison sentence. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1345296.htm on the 07.04.2010 M .Westfield , (2003) HIH: The Inside Story of Australia’s Biggest Corporate Collapse. Sydney: John Wiley Sons Australia, Philomena Leung Barry.J. Cooper (2005). The Mad Hatter’s corporate tea party. Managing Auditing Journal, vol. 18, no. 6/7 p. 505-516

The Education of Nineteenth Century Women Artists :: Essays Papers

The Education of Nineteenth Century Women Artists The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most famous and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (the PAFA). Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is now called a â€Å"fashionable education† (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Unfortunately, this small degree of education was extremely constrictive to women. If they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of women’s education created generations of women that were almost entirely dependent on their husbands and male relatives. During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and also for the education of both. In the beginning, women’s art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all women’s art schools to establish this form of education. Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woman of stature and decided to start this school in one of the rooms of her mansion and to hire a teacher to hold regular classes for women in art and design. (As a wonderful incentive for all women, tuition was free for the poor and the wealthy paid a very small sum.) Sarah Peter saw how truly poor the traditional education for women was and she strongly believed that every woman should â€Å"stand by her sex,† thus her reasoning for establishing this soon to become famous art school.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventy-one

Catelyn It seemed a thousand years ago that Catelyn Stark had carried her infant son out of Riverrun, crossing the Tumblestone in a small boat to begin their journey north to Winterfell. And it was across the Tumblestone that they came home now, though the boy wore plate and mail in place of swaddling clothes. Robb sat in the bow with Grey Wind, his hand resting on his direwolf s head as the rowers pulled at their oars. Theon Greyjoy was with him. Her uncle Brynden would come behind in the second boat, with the Greatjon and Lord Karstark. Catelyn took a place toward the stern. They shot down the Tumblestone, letting the strong current push them past the looming WheelTower. The splash and rumble of the great waterwheel within was a sound from her girlhood that brought a sad smile to Catelyn's face. From the sandstone walls of the castle, soldiers and servants shouted down her name, and Robb's, and â€Å"Winterfell!† From every rampart waved the banner of House Tully: a leaping trout, silver, against a rippling blue-and-red field. It was a stirring sight, yet it did not lift her heart. She wondered if indeed her heart would ever lift again. Oh, Ned . . . Below the WheelTower, they made a wide turn and knifed through the churning water. The men put their backs into it. The wide arch of the Water Gate came into view, and she heard the creak of heavy chains as the great iron portcullis was winched upward. It rose slowly as they approached, and Catelyn saw that the lower half of it was red with rust. The bottom foot dripped brown mud on them as they passed underneath, the barbed spikes mere inches above their heads. Catelyn gazed up at the bars and wondered how deep the rust went and how well the portcullis would stand up to a ram and whether it ought to be replaced. Thoughts like that were seldom far from her mind these days. They passed beneath the arch and under the walls, moving from sunlight to shadow and back into sunlight. Boats large and small were tied up all around them, secured to iron rings set in the stone. Her father's guards waited on the water stair with her brother. Ser Edmure Tully was a stocky young man with a shaggy head of auburn hair and a fiery beard. His breastplate was scratched and dented from battle, his blue-and-red cloak stained by blood and smoke. At his side stood the Lord Tytos Blackwood, a hard pike of a man with close-cropped salt-and-pepper whiskers and a hook nose. His bright yellow armor was inlaid with jet in elaborate vine-and-leaf patterns, and a cloak sewn from raven feathers draped his thin shoulders. It had been Lord Tytos who led the sortie that plucked her brother from the Lannister camp. â€Å"Bring them in,† Ser Edmure commanded. Three men scrambled down the stairs knee-deep in the water and pulled the boat close with long hooks. When Grey Wind bounded out, one of them dropped his pole and lurched back, stumbling and sitting down abruptly in the river. The others laughed, and the man got a sheepish look on his face. Theon Greyjoy vaulted over the side of the boat and lifted Catelyn by the waist, setting her on a dry step above him as water lapped around his boots. Edmure came down the steps to embrace her. â€Å"Sweet sister,† he murmured hoarsely. He had deep blue eyes and a mouth made for smiles, but he was not smiling now. He looked worn and tired, battered by battle and haggard from strain. His neck was bandaged where he had taken a wound. Catelyn hugged him fiercely. â€Å"Your grief is mine, Cat,† he said when they broke apart. â€Å"When we heard about Lord Eddard . . . the Lannisters will pay, I swear it, you will have your vengeance.† â€Å"Will that bring Ned back to me?† she said sharply. The wound was still too fresh for softer words. She could not think about Ned now. She would not. It would not do. She had to be strong. â€Å"All that will keep. I must see Father.† â€Å"He awaits you in his solar,† Edmure said. â€Å"Lord Hoster is bedridden, my lady,† her father's steward explained. When had that good man grown so old and grey? â€Å"He instructed me to bring you to him at once.† â€Å"I'll take her.† Edmure escorted her up the water stair and across the lower bailey, where Petyr Baelish and Brandon Stark had once crossed swords for her favor. The massive sandstone walls of the keep loomed above them. As they pushed through a door between two guardsmen in fish-crest helms, she asked, â€Å"How bad is he?† dreading the answer even as she said the words. Edmure's look was somber. â€Å"He will not be with us long, the maesters say. The pain is . . . constant, and grievous.† A blind rage filled her, a rage at all the world; at her brother Edmure and her sister Lysa, at the Lannisters, at the maesters, at Ned and her father and the monstrous gods who would take them both away from her. â€Å"You should have told me,† she said. â€Å"You should have sent word as soon as you knew.† â€Å"He forbade it. He did not want his enemies to know that he was dying. With the realm so troubled, he feared that if the Lannisters suspected how frail he was . . . â€Å" † . . . they might attack?† Catelyn finished, hard. It was your doing, yours, a voice whispered inside her. If you had not taken it upon yourself to seize the dwarf . . . They climbed the spiral stair in silence. The keep was three-sided, like Riverrun itself, and Lord Hoster's solar was triangular as well, with a stone balcony that jutted out to the east like the prow of some great sandstone ship. From there the lord of the castle could look down on his walls and battlements, and beyond, to where the waters met. They had moved her father's bed out onto the balcony. â€Å"He likes to sit in the sun and watch the rivers,† Edmure explained. â€Å"Father, see who I've brought. Cat has come to see you . . . â€Å" Hoster Tully had always been a big man; tall and broad in his youth, portly as he grew older. Now he seemed shrunken, the muscle and meat melted off his bones. Even his face sagged. The last time Catelyn had seen him, his hair and beard had been brown, well streaked with grey. Now they had gone white as snow. His eyes opened to the sound of Edmure's voice. â€Å"Little cat,† he murmured in a voice thin and wispy and wracked by pain. â€Å"My little cat.† A tremulous smile touched his face as his hand groped for hers. â€Å"I watched for you . . . â€Å" â€Å"I shall leave you to talk,† her brother said, kissing their lord father gently on the brow before he withdrew. Catelyn knelt and took her father's hand in hers. It was a big hand, but fleshless now, the bones moving loosely under the skin, all the strength gone from it. â€Å"You should have told me,† she said. â€Å"A rider, a raven . . . â€Å" â€Å"Riders are taken, questioned,† he answered. â€Å"Ravens are brought down . . . † A spasm of pain took him, and his fingers clutched hers hard. â€Å"The crabs are in my belly . . . pinching, always pinching. Day and night. They have fierce claws, the crabs. Maester Vyman makes me dreamwine, milk of the poppy . . . I sleep a lot . . . but I wanted to be awake to see you, when you came. I was afraid . . . when the Lannisters took your brother, the camps all around us . . . was afraid I would go, before I could see you again . . . I was afraid . . . â€Å" â€Å"I'm here, Father,† she said. â€Å"With Robb, my son. He'll want to see you too.† â€Å"Your boy,† he whispered. â€Å"He had my eyes, I remember . . . â€Å" â€Å"He did, and does. And we've brought you Jaime Lannister, in irons. Riverrun is free again, Father.† Lord Hoster smiled. â€Å"I saw. Last night, when it began, I told them . . . had to see. They carried me to the gatehouse . . . watched from the battlements. Ah, that was beautiful . . . the torches came in a wave, I could hear the cries floating across the river . . . sweet cries . . . when that siege tower went up, gods . . . would have died then, and glad, if only I could have seen you children first. Was it your boy who did it? Was it your Robb?† â€Å"Yes,† Catelyn said, fiercely proud. â€Å"It was Robb . . . and Brynden. Your brother is here as well, my lord.† â€Å"Him.† Her father's voice was a faint whisper. â€Å"The Blackfish . . . came back? From the Vale?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And Lysa?† A cool wind moved through his thin white hair. â€Å"Gods be good, your sister . . . did she come as well?† He sounded so full of hope and yearning that it was hard to tell the truth. â€Å"No. I'm sorry . . . â€Å" â€Å"Oh.† His face fell, and some light went out of his eyes. â€Å"I'd hoped I would have liked to see her, before . . . â€Å" â€Å"She's with her son, in the Eyrie.† Lord Hoster gave a weary nod. â€Å"Lord Robert now, poor Arryn's gone . . . I remember . . . why did she not come with you?† â€Å"She is frightened, my lord. In the Eyrie she feels safe.† She kissed his wrinkled brow. â€Å"Robb will be waiting. Will you see him? And Brynden?† â€Å"Your son,† he whispered. â€Å"Yes. Cat's child . . . he had my eyes, I remember. When he was born. Bring him . . . yes.† â€Å"And your brother?† Her father glanced out over the rivers. â€Å"Blackfish,† he said. â€Å"Has he wed yet? Taken some . . . girl to wife?† Even on his deathbed, Catelyn thought sadly. â€Å"He has not wed. You know that, Father. Nor will he ever.† â€Å"I told him . . . commanded him. Marry! I was his lord. He knows. My right, to make his match. A good match. A Redwyne. Old House. Sweet girl, pretty . . . freckles . . . Bethany, yes. Poor child. Still waiting. Yes. Still . . . â€Å" â€Å"Bethany Redwyne wed Lord Rowan years ago,† Catelyn reminded him. â€Å"She has three children by him.† â€Å"Even so,† Lord Hoster muttered. â€Å"Even so. Spit on the girl. The Redwynes. Spit on me. His lord, his brother . . . that Blackfish. I had other offers. Lord Bracken's girl. Walder Frey . . . any of three, he said . . . Has he wed? Anyone? Anyone?† â€Å"No one,† Catelyn said, â€Å"yet he has come many leagues to see you, fighting his way back to Riverrun. I would not be here now, if Ser Brynden had not helped us.† â€Å"He was ever a warrior,† her father husked. â€Å"That he could do. Knight of the Gate, yes.† He leaned back and closed his eyes, inutterably weary. â€Å"Send him. Later. I'll sleep now. Too sick to fight. Send him up later, the Blackfish . . . â€Å" Catelyn kissed him gently, smoothed his hair, and left him there in the shade of his keep, with his rivers flowing beneath. He was asleep before she left the solar. When she returned to the lower bailey, Ser Brynden Tully stood on the water stairs with wet boots, talking with the captain of Riverrun's guards. He came to her at once. â€Å"Is he—† â€Å"Dying,† she said. â€Å"As we feared.† Her uncle's craggy face showed his pain plain. He ran his fingers through his thick grey hair. â€Å"Will he see me?† She nodded. â€Å"He says he is too sick to fight.† Brynden Blackfish chuckled. â€Å"I am too old a soldier to believe that. Hoster will be chiding me about the Redwyne girl even as we light his funeral pyre, damn his bones.† Catelyn smiled, knowing it was true. â€Å"I do not see Robb.† â€Å"He went with Greyjoy to the hall, I believe.† Theon Greyjoy was seated on a bench in Riverrun's Great Hall, enjoying a horn of ale and regaling her father's garrison with an account of the slaughter in the Whispering Wood. â€Å"Some tried to flee, but we'd pinched the valley shut at both ends, and we rode out of the darkness with sword and lance. The Lannisters must have thought the Others themselves were on them when that wolf of Robb's got in among them. I saw him tear one man's arm from his shoulder, and their horses went mad at the scent of him. I couldn't tell you how many men were thrown—† â€Å"Theon,† she interrupted, â€Å"where might I find my son?† â€Å"Lord Robb went to visit the godswood, my lady.† It was what Ned would have done. He is his father's son as much as mine, I must remember. Oh, gods, Ned . . . She found Robb beneath the green canopy of leaves, surrounded by tall redwoods and great old elms, kneeling before the heart tree, a slender weirwood with a face more sad than fierce. His longsword was before him, the point thrust in the earth, his gloved hands clasped around the hilt. Around him others knelt: Greatjon Umber, Rickard Karstark, Maege Mormont, Galbart Glover, and more. Even Tytos Blackwood was among them, the great raven cloak fanned out behind him. These are the ones who keep the old gods, she realized. She asked herself what gods she kept these days, and could not find an answer. It would not do to disturb them at their prayers. The gods must have their due . . . even cruel gods who would take Ned from her, and her lord father as well. So Catelyn waited. The river wind moved through the high branches, and she could see the Wheel Tower to her right, ivy crawling up its side. As she stood there, all the memories came flooding back to her. Her father had taught her to ride amongst these trees, and that was the elm that Edmure had fallen from when he broke his arm, and over there, beneath that bower, she and Lysa had played at kissing with Petyr. She had not thought of that in years. How young they all had been—she no older than Sansa, Lysa younger than Arya, and Petyr younger still, yet eager. The girls had traded him between them, serious and giggling by turns. It came back to her so vividly she could almost feel his sweaty fingers on her shoulders and taste the mint on his breath. There was always mint growing in the godswood, and Petyr had liked to chew it. He had been such a bold little boy, always in trouble. â€Å"He tried to put his tongue in my mouth,† Catelyn had confessed to her sister afterward, when they were alone. â€Å"He did with me too,† Lysa had whispered, shy and breathless. â€Å"I liked it.† Robb got to his feet slowly and sheathed his sword, and Catelyn found herself wondering whether her son had ever kissed a girl in the godswood. Surely he must have. She had seen Jeyne Poole giving him moist-eyed glances, and some of the serving girls, even ones as old as eighteen . . . he had ridden in battle and killed men with a sword, surely he had been kissed. There were tears in her eyes. She wiped them away angrily. â€Å"Mother,† Robb said when he saw her standing there. â€Å"We must call a council. There are things to be decided.† â€Å"Your grandfather would like to see you,† she said. â€Å"Robb, he's very sick.† â€Å"Ser Edmure told me. I am sorry, Mother . . . for Lord Hoster and for you. Yet first we must meet. We've had word from the south. Renly Baratheon has claimed his brother's crown.† â€Å"Renly?† she said, shocked. â€Å"I had thought, surely it would be Lord Stannis . . . â€Å" â€Å"So did we all, my lady,† Galbart Glover said. The war council convened in the Great Hall, at four long trestle tables arranged in a broken square. Lord Hoster was too weak to attend, asleep on his balcony, dreaming of the sun on the rivers of his youth. Edmure sat in the high seat of the Tullys, with Brynden Blackfish at his side, and his father's bannermen arrayed to right and left and along the side tables. Word of the victory at Riverrun had spread to the fugitive lords of the Trident, drawing them back. Karyl Vance came in, a lord now, his father dead beneath the Golden Tooth. Ser Marq Piper was with him, and they brought a Darry, Ser Raymun's son, a lad no older than Bran. Lord Jonos Bracken arrived from the ruins of Stone Hedge, glowering and blustering, and took a seat as far from Tytos Blackwood as the tables would permit. The northern lords sat opposite, with Catelyn and Robb facing her brother across the tables. They were fewer. The Greatjon sat at Robb's left hand, and then Theon Greyjoy; Galbart Glover and Lady Mormont were to the right of Catelyn. Lord Rickard Karstark, gaunt and hollow-eyed in his grief, took his seat like a man in a nightmare, his long beard uncombed and unwashed. He had left two sons dead in the Whispering Wood, and there was no word of the third, his eldest, who had led the Karstark spears against Tywin Lannister on the Green Fork. The arguing raged on late into the night. Each lord had a right to speak, and speak they did . . . and shout, and curse, and reason, and cajole, and jest, and bargain, and slam tankards on the table, and threaten, and walk out, and return sullen or smiling. Catelyn sat and listened to it all. Roose Bolton had re-formed the battered remnants of their other host at the mouth of the causeway. Ser Helman Tallhart and Walder Frey still held the Twins. Lord Tywin's army had crossed the Trident, and was making for Harrenhal. And there were two kings in the realm. Two kings, and no agreement. Many of the lords bannermen wanted to march on Harrenhal at once, to meet Lord Tywin and end Lannister power for all time. Young, hot-tempered Marq Piper urged a strike west at Casterly Rock instead. Still others counseled patience. Riverrun sat athwart the Lannister supply lines, Jason Mallister pointed out; let them bide their time, denying Lord Tywin fresh levies and provisions while they strengthened their defenses and rested their weary troops. Lord Blackwood would have none of it. They should finish the work they began in the Whispering Wood. March to Harrenhal and bring Roose Bolton's army down as well. What Blackwood urged, Bracken opposed, as ever; Lord Jonos Bracken rose to insist they ought pledge their fealty to King Renly, and move south to join their might to his. â€Å"Renly is not the king,† Robb said. It was the first time her son had spoken. Like his father, he knew how to listen. â€Å"You cannot mean to hold to Joffrey, my lord,† Galbart Glover said. â€Å"He put your father to death.† â€Å"That makes him evil,† Robb replied. â€Å"I do not know that it makes Renly king. Joffrey is still Robert's eldest trueborn son, so the throne is rightfully his by all the laws of the realm. Were he to die, and I mean to see that he does, he has a younger brother. Tommen is next in line after Joffrey.† â€Å"Tommen is no less a Lannister,† Ser Marq Piper snapped. â€Å"As you say,† said Robb, troubled. â€Å"Yet if neither one is king, still, how could it be Lord Renly? He's Robert's younger brother. Bran can't be Lord of Winterfell before me, and Renly can't be king before Lord Stannis.† Lady Mormont agreed. â€Å"Lord Stannis has the better claim.† â€Å"Renly is crowned,† said Marq Piper. â€Å"Highgarden and Storm's End support his claim, and the Dornishmen will not be laggardly. If Winterfell and Riverrun add their strength to his, he will have five of the seven great houses behind him. Six, if the Arryns bestir themselves! Six against the Rock! My lords, within the year, we will have all their heads on pikes, the queen and the boy king, Lord Tywin, the Imp, the Kingslayer, Ser Kevan, all of them! That is what we shall win if we join with King Renly. What does Lord Stannis have against that, that we should cast it all aside?† â€Å"The right,† said Robb stubbornly. Catelyn thought he sounded eerily like his father as he said it. â€Å"So you mean us to declare for Stannis?† asked Edmure. â€Å"I don't know,† said Robb. â€Å"I prayed to know what to do, but the gods did not answer. The Lannisters killed my father for a traitor, and we know that was a lie, but if Joffrey is the lawful king and we fight against him, we will be traitors.† â€Å"My lord father would urge caution,† aged Ser Stevron said, with the weaselly smile of a Frey. â€Å"Wait, let these two kings play their game of thrones. When they are done fighting, we can bend our knees to the victor, or oppose him, as we choose. With Renly arming, likely Lord Tywin would welcome a truce . . . and the safe return of his son. Noble lords, allow me to go to him at Harrenhal and arrange good terms and ransoms . . . â€Å" A roar of outrage drowned out his voice. â€Å"Craven!† the Greatjon thundered. â€Å"Begging for a truce will make us seem weak,† declared Lady Mormont. â€Å"Ransoms be damned, we must not give up the Kingslayer,† shouted Rickard Karstark. â€Å"Why not a peace?† Catelyn asked. The lords looked at her, but it was Robb's eyes she felt, his and his alone. â€Å"My lady, they murdered my lord father, your husband,† he said grimly. He unsheathed his longsword and laid it on the table before him, the bright steel on the rough wood. â€Å"This is the only peace I have for Lannisters.† The Greatjon bellowed his approval, and other men added their voices, shouting and drawing swords and pounding their fists on the table. Catelyn waited until they had quieted. â€Å"My lords,† she said then, â€Å"Lord Eddard was your liege, but I shared his bed and bore his children. Do you think I love him any less than you?† Her voice almost broke with her grief, but Catelyn took a long breath and steadied herself. â€Å"Robb, if that sword could bring him back, I should never let you sheathe it until Ned stood at my side once more . . . but he is gone, and hundred Whispering Woods will not change that. Ned is gone, and Daryn Hornwood, and Lord Karstark's valiant sons, and many other good men besides, and none of them will return to us. Must we have more deaths still?† â€Å"You are a woman, my lady,† the Greatjon rumbled in his deep voice. â€Å"Women do not understand these things.† â€Å"You are the gentle sex,† said Lord Karstark, with the lines of grief fresh on his face. â€Å"A man has a need for vengeance.† â€Å"Give me Cersei Lannister, Lord Karstark, and you would see how gentle a woman can be,† Catelyn replied. â€Å"Perhaps I do not understand tactics and strategy . . . but I understand futility. We went to war when Lannister armies were ravaging the riverlands, and Ned was a prisoner, falsely accused of treason. We fought to defend ourselves, and to win my lord's freedom. â€Å"Well, the one is done, and the other forever beyond our reach. I will mourn for Ned until the end of my days, but I must think of the living. I want my daughters back, and the queen holds them still. If I must trade our four Lannisters for their two Starks, I will call that a bargain and thank the gods. I want you safe, Robb, ruling at Winterfell from your father's seat. I want you to live your life, to kiss a girl and wed a woman and father a son. I want to write an end to this. I want to go home, my lords, and weep for my husband.† The hall was very quiet when Catelyn finished speaking. â€Å"Peace,† said her uncle Brynden. â€Å"Peace is sweet, my lady . . . but on what terms? It is no good hammering your sword into a plowshare if you must forge it again on the morrow.† â€Å"What did Torrhen and my Eddard die for, if I am to return to Karhold with nothing but their bones?† asked Rickard Karstark. â€Å"Aye,† said Lord Bracken. â€Å"Gregor Clegane laid waste to my fields, slaughtered my smallfolk, and left Stone Hedge a smoking ruin. Am I now to bend the knee to the ones who sent him? What have we fought for, if we are to put all back as it was before?† Lord Blackwood agreed, to Catelyn's surprise and dismay. â€Å"And if we do make peace with King Joffrey, are we not then traitors to King Renly? What if the stag should prevail against the lion, where would that leave us?† â€Å"Whatever you may decide for yourselves, I shall never call a Lannister my king,† declared Marq Piper. â€Å"Nor I!† yelled the little Darry boy. â€Å"I never will!† Again the shouting began. Catelyn sat despairing. She had come so close, she thought. They had almost listened, almost . . . but the moment was gone. There would be no peace, no chance to heal, no safety. She looked at her son, watched him as he listened to the lords debate, frowning, troubled, yet wedded to his war. He had pledged himself to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, but she saw his true bride plain before her now: the sword he had laid on the table. Catelyn was thinking of her girls, wondering if she would ever see them again, when the Greatjon lurched to his feet. â€Å"MY LORDS!† he shouted, his voice booming off the rafters. â€Å"Here is what I say to these two kings!† He spat. † Renly Baratheon is nothing to me, nor Stannis neither. Why should they rule over me and mine, from some flowery seat in Highgarden or Dorne? What do they know of the Wall or the wolfswood or the barrows of the First Men? Even their gods are wrong. The Others take the Lannisters too, I've had a bellyful of them.† He reached back over his shoulder and drew his immense two-handed greatsword. â€Å"Why shouldn't we rule ourselves again? It was the dragons we married, and the dragons are all dead!† He pointed at Robb with the blade. â€Å"There sits the only king I mean to bow my knee to, m'lords,† he thundered. â€Å"The King in the North!† And he knelt, and laid his sword at her son's feet. â€Å"I'll have peace on those terms,† Lord Karstark said. â€Å"They can keep their red castle and their iron chair as well.† He eased his longsword from its scabbard. â€Å"The King in the North!† he said, kneeling beside the Greatjon. Maege Mormont stood. â€Å"The King of Winter!† she declared, and laid her spiked mace beside the swords. And the river lords were rising too, Blackwood and Bracken and Mallister, houses who had never been ruled from Winterfell, yet Catelyn watched them rise and draw their blades, bending their knees and shouting the old words that had not been heard in the realm for more than three hundred years, since Aegon the Dragon had come to make the Seven Kingdoms one . . . yet now were heard again, ringing from the timbers of her father's hall: â€Å"The King in the North!† â€Å"The King in the North!† â€Å"THE KING IN THE NORTH!†

Child achievement in schools Essays

Child achievement in schools Essays Child achievement in schools Essay Child achievement in schools Essay Reassessing gender and accomplishment: Questioning modern-day key arguments, Routledge Gillborn, D ( 2013 ) , Race, recession and the undeclared war on Black kids Major leagues, R ( 2001 ) , ( erectile dysfunction ) Educating Our Black Children, Routledge/Falmer Rowntree ( 2005 ) , School exclusionin African-Caribbean communities’

Dispelling the Mathematical Misconceptions

Dispelling the Mathematical Misconceptions You Can Do Math! Weve probably all been at a restaurant with a group of people who want to pay individually, but only one bill arrives. You then find yourself in the position of trying to determine how much each person owes. What happens? You look over the bill with a slight wave of panic at having to figure out your total, but instead, you say, Im no good at math and you proceed to pass it to the next person who immediately responds the same way you did. Eventually and usually with some hesitancy, one person takes ownership over the bill and calculates the individual costs or divides the total by the number of people at the table. Did you notice how quickly people say that they were no good at math? Did anyone say, Im no good at reading? or I cant read? When and why is it acceptable in our society to say were no good at math? Wed be embarrassed to declare that were no good at reading yet its quite acceptable in our society to say that we cant do math! In todays information age, mathematics is needed more than it ever was before - we need math! Problem-solving skills are highly prized by employers today. There is an increasing need for math and the first step needed is a change in our attitudes and beliefs about math. Attitudes and Misconceptions Do your experiences in math cause you anxiety? Have you been left with the impression that math is difficult and only some people are good at math? Are you one of those people who believe that you cant do math, that youre missing that math gene? Do you have the dreaded disease called Math Anxiety? Read on, sometimes our school experiences leave us with the wrong impression about math. There are many misconceptions that lead one to believe that only some individuals can do math. Its time to dispel those common myths. 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Applying thinking skills and creative thought lead to a better understanding of math. Signs of understanding include those Aha moments! The most important aspect of learning math is understanding. Ask yourself after solving a math problem: are you applying a series of memorized steps/procedures, or do you really understand how and why the procedure works. (See page 2) Answer the questions: How do you know its right? Is there more than one way to solve this problem? When questions like this are answered, youre on your way to becoming a better math problem solver. True or False: Keep giving more drill and repetition questions until children get it! False False, find another way to teach or explain the concept. All too often, children receive worksheets with drill and repetition, this only leads to overkill and negative math attitudes! When a concept isnt understood, its time to find another method of teaching it. No new learning has ever occurred as a result of repetition and drill. Negative attitudes toward math are usually the result of overuse of worksheets. In summary: Positive attitudes towards math are the first step to success. When does the most powerful learning usually occur? When one makes a mistake! If you take the time to analyze where you go wrong, you cant help but learn. Never feel badly about making mistakes in mathematics. Societal needs have changed, thus math has changed. We are now in an information age with technology paving the way. It is no longer enough to do computations; thats what calculators and computers are for. Math today requires decisions about which keys to punch in and which graph to use, not how to construct them! Math requires creative problem solving techniques. Todays math requires real-life problems to solve, a skill highly prized by employers today. Math requires knowing when and how to use the tools to assist in the problem solving process. This happens as early as pre-kindergarten when children seek counters, an abacus, blocks and a variety of other manipulatives. Family involvement is also critical in nurting a positive and risk-taking attitudes in math. The sooner this begins, the sooner one will become more successful in math. Math has never been more important, technology demands that we work smarter and have stronger problem solving skills. Experts suggest that in the next 5-7 years there will be twice as much math as there is today. There are many reasons to learn math and its never too late to start! Another terrific strategy is to Learn From Your Mistakes Sometimes the most powerful learning stems from the mistakes you make.

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Marco Polo - Essay Example "Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus and other explorers couldn't resist the urge to trade in goods that they could not find at home, such as precious metals, spices and silks." (Jones, 100) Marco Polo has always been regarded as making a more important contribution to the Western world as he found the significant silk root to China to pioneer the explorations of the East. Apart from the contributions he made through his various explorations, Marco Polo also made a commendable input to the world of explorers through his book Il Milione, also known as Oriente Poliano. In other words, he is considered the most famous Western explorer who excelled the other voyagers with his determination, his writing, and influence over the following generations. Thus, this great explorer of the Europe travelled on the Silk Road to reach further than his predecessors, and explore the new land of China, and returned to his land to narrate the tales of his explorations that later became the greatest travelo gue to humanity. Bartolomeu Diaz (c. 1450 - 1500), the Portuguese navigator, has been remembered as the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope, which was considered an unattainable task. Diaz's name is written in golden letters in the history of European explorations as he was one of the great Portuguese sailors who helped find the south-eastern sea route between Western Europe and Asia. "The first European to see the stormy Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa was Bartholomew Diaz (or Dias), a courageous Portuguese sea captain and explorer. Diaz was one of the great Portuguese seamen who helped find the south-eastern water route between Western Europe and Asia." (Bartolomeu Dias (or Diaz): Portuguese Adventurer & Explorer) He was master to Vasco da Gama as well as he pioneered the later expeditions of the East through the African coast. Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), the Portuguese explorer, discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the East and his explorations were proved significant for the later European exploration and colonization of the East. His voyage from Portugal to India eventually helped the European Imperial and colonial interests to make him a famous explorer of Europe. Starting his sail from Lisbon, Portugal, in 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded African Cape of Good Hope to reach Calicut, India, in 1498. Though he was well-received in India in the beginning, da Gama left the land in 1498, when he was asked to pay a large tax and leave all of his trading goods. "When he left, da Gama took his goods with him, together with some Indian hostages. Upon his return, da Gama was treated as a hero and was rewarded by the king." (Vasco da Gama: Explorer) Christopher Columbus (1451 -1506) was another Italian explorer who made significant voyages across the Atlantic which resulted in the European discovery of the American continents. There is a distinct and unrivalled place for Columbus in the history of exploration and voyages. It is mainly the characteristics of his explorations and the great spirit of exploration to give a shining model to the following explorers that Columbus is mainly known. Examining the mostly southward voyages of the Portuguese into the Atlantic and Africa, Columbus realized that the sail westward would ultimately get to India and he took the different root. "The fundamental difference between

Aggressive acts in popular TV programmes Essay Example for Free

Aggressive acts in popular TV programmes Essay In this piece of coursework I am trying to find out whether aggressive acts in popular TV programmes cause children to act more violently. The participants used in this experiment will be children aged between 5 and 10. I think that the more aggressive acts there are in the popular TV programmes the more aggressive the child will act after watching the programme.  Most of us recognise aggression when we see it but the reason the person is being aggressive we find hard to determine. One common way to determine aggression is by saying there are 2 types instrumental and hostile aggression. Instrumental aggression is used to achieve a specific goal, perhaps to protect yourself or to try and get your own way. This form of aggression is not always accompanied by anger. Hostile aggression is aimed at damaging someone or something, and is often done in anger. The social learning theory says that we learn not only through reinforcement but also by observing other people and imitating their behaviour, which is called observational learning. A psychologist named Albert Bandura studies of aggression are based on the teachings of the social learning theory. He found out the following points:  Observation  Always we are watching people, and children in particular spend a lot of time observing others. While observing others they pick up on what they say and how they say it. The see how other people react to what is said or done, and observe the consequences of other peoples behaviour. If the behaviour is imitated by the observer we know the behaviour has been learned. For example a boy might kick his teddy bear in the same way as he seen his hero in a cartoon punch another character. The child may imitate the sounds which the hero in a cartoon makes. If the hero was rewarded or shown admiration for its actions in the cartoon then the child is more likely to imitate the heros behaviour. This is an example of vicarious reinforcement. Reinforcement  If the child is rewarded for its actions it is more likely to perform the behaviour. If the boy imitates a character on the TV and is rewarded by the carer the behaviour is likely to continue. If the carer disapproves of the behaviour of the child and punishes then the child is less likely to perform the behaviour again.  Albert Banduras Research On Aggression  Albert Bandura performed a number of experiments which focused on the effect of children watching an adult behave aggressively. For example, Bandura and friends (1961) arranged for an adult to hit and kick a large inflatable doll (called a Bobo doll) whilst the child was in the room. Afterwards the child had a chance to play with a variety of toys, including the doll, whilst the adult was present. Bandura in later experiments changed this procedure, because he showed a child a film of someone being aggressive to the doll in the environmental condition. In the control condition children watched a non-violent film. They were watched afterwards whilst playing and a number of incidents of aggression were noted. When participants were asked to replicate as much of the models behaviour as they could remember, most were able to do so accurately regardless of whether the model had been reinforced or punished. Some of the children who had not been aggressive towards the doll, even though they could do so accurately when asked. These children had learned the behaviour even though they did not imitate it. The Role Of The Media In Aggression  Banduras research indicated that children could learn new ways of being aggressive from their observation of models. This raised the question of what role the media might play in encouraging aggression and violence in society. The way aggression and violence in films, cartoons, TV programmes, computer games and books are presented provides models which children and adults may imitate. As a result of this, there was a huge increase in the research to discover the level and type of violence shown in the media, and what role the medias presentation of violence might play in aggressive behaviour. T. Williams and colleagues (1986), studied children in three Canadian towns and were compared to discover whether television had an influence on their levels of aggression. At the start of the study, one town had no television (Notel), another town had one channel (Unitel) and a third had several channels (Multitel). A year later Notel had one channel, Unitel had two channels. The researchers measured childrens levels of aggression before channels were added and again one year afterwards. The observed the children in playgrounds, and asked teachers and children to rate aggression. Aggression both verbally and physically increased after Notel children began watching TV, and this for both boys and girls. In addition Williams found a positive correlation between the amount of time a child watched TV and the amount of aggression he or she showed.